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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (English)" /> <link rel="copyright" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Wikipedia RSS Feed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Recentchanges&feed=rss" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom Feed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Recentchanges&feed=atom" /> <style type="text/css" media="screen, projection">/*<![CDATA[*/ @import "/skins-1.5/common/shared.css?100"; @import "/skins-1.5/monobook/main.css?100"; /*]]>*/</style> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="/skins-1.5/common/commonPrint.css?100" />     </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/w/index.php?title=-&action=raw&gen=js&useskin=monobook"></script> <style type="text/css">/*<![CDATA[*/ @import "/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&usemsgcache=yes&action=raw&ctype=text/css&smaxage=2678400"; @import "/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Monobook.css&usemsgcache=yes&action=raw&ctype=text/css&smaxage=2678400"; @import "/w/index.php?title=-&action=raw&gen=css&maxage=2678400"; /*]]>*/</style>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/skins-1.5/common/ajax.js?100"></script> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"> <a name="top" id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"><script type="text/javascript"> var wgNotice = ""; var wgNoticeLang = "en"; var wgNoticeProject = "wikipedia"; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:NoticeLoader&action=raw"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (wgNotice != "") { document.writeln(wgNotice); } </script></div> <h1 class="firstHeading">Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="#searchInput">search</a></div>  <p><b>Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire</b> were contracts between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> powers, particularly <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Turkish <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_%28treaty%29" title="Capitulation (treaty)">capitulations</a> were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements were entered into by each contracting party towards the other, not mere concessions.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup></p> <p>The Turkish Capitulations were grants made by successive <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" title="Ottoman Dynasty">Sultans</a> to <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christian nations</a>, conferring rights and privileges in favor of their subjects resident or trading in the Ottoman dominions, following the policy towards European states of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Status"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Status</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Abolition"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Abolition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="History" id="History"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> was the first king of France who sought an alliance with Turkey. To this he was urged, not by the Crusading spirit but entirely by the desire to break in Europe the dominating power of the imperial Habsburg House of Austria. By compelling Austria to use its forces for defence against the Turks in the East, he hoped to weaken it and render it unable to increase or even maintain its power in the West.</p> <p>Other French kings down to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> followed the same policy, which, whatever criticism it merits, was favourable to Christianity in the Levant; by zealously defending Christian interests at the Porte, they hoped to excuse their alliance with infidels, which was a source of scandal even in France. As early as 1528, Francis I had appealed to <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> to restore to the Christians of Jerusalem a church which the Turks had converted into a mosque. The Sultan refused on the grounds that his religion would not permit alteration of the purpose of a mosque, but he promised to maintain the Christians in possession of all the other places occupied by them and to defend them against all oppression.</p> <p>However, religion was not the object of a formal convention between France and Turkey prior to 1604, when <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> secured from <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_I" title="Ahmad I">Ahmad I</a> the insertion, in the capitulations of <a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">20 May</a>, of two clauses relative to the protection of pilgrims and of the religious in charge of the church of the Holy Sepulchre. The following are the relevant clauses of the treaty: "Article IV. We also desire and command that the subjects of the said Emperor [sic] of France, and those of the princes who are his friends and allies, may be free to visit the Holy Places of Jerusalem, and no one shall attempt to prevent them nor do them injury"; "Article V. Moreover, for the honour and friendship of this Emperor, we desire that the religious living in Jerusalem and serving the church of Comane [the Resurrection] may dwell there, come and go without let or hindrance, and be well received, protected, assisted, and helped in consideration of the above." It is noteworthy that the same advantages are stipulated for the French and for the friends and allies of France, but for the latter in consideration of, and at the recommendation of France.</p> <p>The result of this friendship was the development of the Catholic missions, which began to flourish through the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_Bourbon" title="Henry IV Bourbon">Henry IV Bourbon</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_Bourbon" title="Louis XIII Bourbon">Louis XIII Bourbon</a> and through the zeal of the French missionaries. Before the middle of the seventeenth century, various religious orders (<a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>) were established, as <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplains</a> of the French <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onsul_%28representative%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Onsul (representative)">consuls</a>, in major Ottoman cities (Istanbul, Alexandria, Smyrna, Aleppo, Damascus etc.), Lebanon and the islands of the Aegean Archipelago. They assembled the Catholics to instruct and confirm them in the Catholic faith, established schools which were open to children of all Christian rites, worked to improve the conditions of Christians in Turkish prisons, and nursed the sick.</p> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, the missionaries multiplied and extended the field of their activities. Due to his support, the often precarious tolerance on which the existence of the missions had depended, was officially recognized in <a href="/wiki/1673" title="1673">1673</a> when on <a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">5 June</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a> not only confirmed the earlier capitulations guaranteeing the safety of pilgrims and the religious guardians of the Holy Sepulchre, but signed four new articles, all beneficial to the missionaries. The first decreed in a general manner "that all bishops or other religious of the Latin sect [cfr. <a href="/wiki/Millet_%28Ottoman_Empire%29" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millet (Ottoman Empire)</a>] who are subjects of France, whatever their condition, shall be throughout our empire as they have been hitherto, and [may] there perform their functions, and no one shall trouble or hinder them"; the others secure the tranquil possession of their churches, explicitly to the Jesuits and Capuchins, and in general "to the French at Smyrna, Saïd, Alexandria, and in all other ports of the Ottoman Empire".</p> <p>The reign of Louis XIV marked the apogee of the French Protectorate in the East, for not only the Latin missionaries of all nationalities, but also the heads of all Catholic communities, regardless of rite or nationality, appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Roi" title="Grand Roi">Grand Roi</a>, and at the recommendation of his ambassadors and consuls to the Porte and the <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pashas</a>, obtained protection from their enemies. Though the missionaries were sometimes on such amicable terms with the non-Catholic clergy that the latter authorized them to preach in their churches, relations between the various Christian churches were usually very strained. On several occasions the Greek and Armenian non-uniate <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a>, displeased at seeing a great portion of their flocks abandon them for the Roman priests, persuaded the Turkish Government on various pretexts to forbid all proselytization by the latter, but representatives of Louis XIV successfully opposed this ill-will.</p> <p>At the beginning of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> the preponderance of French influence with the Porte was also manifested in the authority granted the Franciscans, who were protégés of France, to repair the dome of the Holy Sepulchre; this meant the recognition of their right of proprietorship in the Holy Sepulchre as superior to the claims of the Greeks and the Armenians.</p> <p>In 1723 the schismatical patriarchs succeeded in obtaining from the Sultan a <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a> (decree) forbidding his Christian subjects to embrace the Roman religion, and prohibiting Latin religious from having any communication with the Greeks, Armenians and Syrians on the pretext of instructing them. French diplomacy sought, long in vain, to have this measure revoked. At last, as a reward for the services rendered to Turkey during its wars with Russia and Austria (1736-9), the French succeeded in 1740 in securing the renewal of the capitulations, with additions which explicitly confirmed the right of the French Protectorate, and at least implicitly guaranteed the liberty of the Catholic apostolate. By the eighty-seventh of the articles signed on <a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">28 May</a> <a href="/wiki/1740" title="1740">1740</a>, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a> declared: "... The bishops and religious subject to the Emperor of France living in my empire shall be protected while they confine themselves to the exercise of their office, and no one may prevent them from practising their rite according to their custom in the churches in their possession, as well as in the other places they inhabit; and, when our tributary subjects and the French hold intercourse for purposes of selling, buying, and other business, no one may molest them for this sake in violation of the sacred laws."</p> <p>In subsequent treaties between France and Turkey, the capitulations were not repeated verbatim, but they are recalled and confirmed (e. g. in 1802 and 1838). The various regimes which succeeded the monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">St. Louis</a> and of Louis XIV all maintained in law, and in fact, the ancient privilege of France in the protection of the missionaries and Christian communities of the Orient. The expedition in 1860 sent by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> to put a stop to the massacre of the <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> was in harmony with the ancient rôle of France, and would have been more so if its work of justice had been more complete. The ultimate decline of the French Protectorate in the Levant will be treated below.</p> <p><a name="Status" id="Status"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Status</span></h2> <p>Capitulations signified that which was arranged under distinct headings; the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> phrase was <i>ahid nameh</i>, whereas a "treaty" was <i>mouahed</i>. The latter did, and the former did not, signify a reciprocal engagement.</p> <p>According to Capitulations, and treaties confirmatory of them, made between the <a href="/wiki/Porte" title="Porte">Porte</a> and other states, foreigners resident in Turkey were subject to the laws of their respective countries, i.e., the various non-<a href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> peoples were allowed their semi-autonomy in matters affecting their personal status.</p> <p>Thus, although the Turkish capitulations were not in themselves treaties, yet by subsequent confirmation they acquired the force of commercial durable instead of personal nature; the conversion of permissive into perfect rights; questions as to contraband and neutral trade stated in definite terms.</p> <p><a name="Abolition" id="Abolition"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abolition">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Abolition</span></h2> <p>As far as Turkey is concerned, the capitulations were abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (<a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a>), specifically by Article 28-</p> <p><i>Each of the High Contracting Parties hereby accepts, in so far as it is concerned, the complete abolition of the Capitulations in Turkey in every respect.</i><sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup></p> <p>Capitulations in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> were abolished in <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>.<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:102px;"><a href="/wiki/Image:Stamp_French_PO_Turkish_1885_1pi.jpg" class="image" title="1 piaster overprint on 25-centime Type Sage, used at the French Post Office, Beirut in December 1885"><img alt="1 piaster overprint on 25-centime Type Sage, used at the French Post Office, Beirut in December 1885" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stamp_French_PO_Turkish_1885_1pi.jpg/100px-Stamp_French_PO_Turkish_1885_1pi.jpg" width="100" height="117" border="0" class="thumbimage" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a href="/wiki/Image:Stamp_French_PO_Turkish_1885_1pi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> 1 piaster overprint on 25-centime <a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_Sage&action=edit" class="new" title="Type Sage">Type Sage</a>, used at the <a href="/wiki/French_post_offices_in_the_Turkish_Empire" title="French post offices in the Turkish Empire">French Post Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> in December 1885</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_post_offices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="French post offices in the Ottoman Empire">French post offices in the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_post_offices_in_Crete" title="French post offices in Crete">French post offices in Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_concession" title="Chester concession">Chester concession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li> </ul> <p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><b><a href="#_ref-0" title="">^</a></b> As regards technical distinctions, an agreement, an exchange of notes, or a convention properly applies to one specific subject; whereas a treaty usually comprises several matters, whether commercial or political.</li> <li id="_note-1"><b><a href="#_ref-1" title="">^</a></b> In addition to Turkey, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> were parties to the Treaty.</li> <li id="_note-2"><b><a href="#_ref-2" title="">^</a></b> <i>Convention regarding the Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt, Protocol, and Declaration by the Royal Egyptian Government</i> (Montreux, 8 May 1937) Art 1. <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1938/11.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1938/11.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li> </ol> <ul> <li><i>This article incorporates text from the</i> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica <i>Eleventh Edition</i></a><i>, a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></li> </ul> <p><a name="Bibliography" id="Bibliography"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Bibliography</span></h2> <ul> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Hoyle-1991">Hoyle, Mark S. W. (1991). <i>Mixed courts of Egypt</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Graham & Trotman, xxvii, 206p..</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed+courts+of+Egypt&rft.aulast=Hoyle&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.+W.&rft.pub=Graham+%26+Trotman&rft.place=%5B%5BLondon%5D%5D&rft.pages=xxvii%2C+206p."> </span></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">(2003) in Maurits H. van den Boogert and Kate Fleet (eds.): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book/editor&action=edit" class="new" title="Template:Cite book/editor"></a> <i>The Ottoman capitulations: text and context</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>: Istituto per l'Oriente C.A. Nallino, p. vii, [575]-727, 14p. of plates : ill., facsims..</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+capitulations%3A+text+and+context&rft.pub=Istituto+per+l%27Oriente+C.A.+Nallino&rft.place=%5B%5BRome%5D%5D&rft.pages=p.+vii%2C+%5B575%5D-727%2C+14p.+of+plates+%3A+ill.%2C+facsims."> </span></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Boogert-2005">Boogert, Maurits H. van den (2005). <i>The capitulations and the Ottoman legal system: qadis, consuls, and beraths in the 18th century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, xvi, 323p..</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+capitulations+and+the+Ottoman+legal+system%3A+qadis%2C+consuls%2C+and+beraths+in+the+18th+century&rft.aulast=Boogert&rft.aufirst=Maurits+H.+van+den&rft.pub=%5B%5BBrill+Publishers%7CBrill%5D%5D&rft.place=%5B%5BLeiden%5D%5D&rft.pages=xvi%2C+323p."> </span></li> </ul> <p>yay</p> <p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1918p/lausanne.html" class="external text" title="http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1918p/lausanne.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Treaty of Peace with Turkey</i> (Lausanne, 24 July 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1938/11.html" class="external text" title="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1938/11.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Convention regarding the Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt, Protocol, and Declaration by the Royal Egyptian Government</i> (Montreux, 8 May 1937)</a></li> </ul>   <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks"><p class='catlinks'><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Politics of the Ottoman Empire">Politics of the Ottoman Empire</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Modern_period" title="Category:Early Modern period">Early Modern period</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_France" title="Category:History of France">History of France</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_and_other_religions" title="Category:Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecumenical_and_interfaith_relations" title="Category:Catholic ecumenical and interfaith relations">Catholic ecumenical and interfaith relations</a></span></p></div>  <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="column-one"> <div id="p-cactions" class="portlet"> <h5>Views</h5> <div class="pBody"> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Discussion</a></li> <li id="ca-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. 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